Uma análise de estoicismo na prática
and what are referred to as the three Stoic disciplines: desire, action, and assent. The discipline of desire, sometimes referred to as Stoic acceptance, is derived from the study of physics, and in particular from the idea of universal cause and effect. It consists in training oneself to desire what the universe allows and not to pursue what it does not allow.
It is therefore linked to the virtue of practical wisdom, as well as to the area of study of logic. If we had to summarize it in a single sentence, Seneca’s “bring the mind to bear upon your problems†(
This is relevant because Zeno came to elaborate a philosophy that was both of clear Socratic inspiration (virtue is the Chief Good) and a compromise between Polemo’s and Stilpo’s positions, as the first one endorsed the idea that there are external goods—though they are of secondary importance—while the second one claimed that nothing external can be good or bad. That compromise consisted in the uniquely Stoic notion that external goods are of ethically neutral value, but are nonetheless the object of natural pursuit.
Indeed, Teddy seems to represent the temperance and self control of the philosophy beautifully when he said, “What such a man needs is not courage but nerve control, cool headedness.
The second discipline, of action, is also called Stoic “philanthropy†and is the most prosocial of the cardinal virtues. The basic idea is that human beings ought to develop their conterraneo concern for others in a way that is congruent with the exercise of the virtue of justice. Here the area of study most directly connected to the discipline is that of ethics itself. A representative quote is perhaps the one found in Marcus Aurelius’ Meditations (VIII.
“The chief task in life is simply this: to identify and separate matters so that I can say clearly to myself which are externals not under my control, and which have to do with the choices I actually control.
The economist Adam Smith’s theories on the interconnectedness of the world—capitalism—were significantly influenced by the Stoicism that he studied as a schoolboy, under a teacher who had translated Marcus Aurelius’ works.
Para los epicúreos, a diferencia de los cirenaicos, el sufrimiento moral era peor de que el sufrimiento fÃsico; ya qual sostenÃan que el cuerpo sufre los males presentes, pero el alma sufre hasta con los recuerdos.
La teologÃa estoica es panteÃsta: no hay un Dios fuera do la naturaleza este del mundo; es el mismo mundo en su totalidad el que es divino, lo qual justifica qual la creencia en los dioses, pese a su heterogeneidad, sea universal.
Living according to reason and virtue, they held, is to live in harmony with the divine order of the universe, in recognition of the common reason and essential value of all people.
The idea was to be free of suffering through apatheia (Greek: ἀπάθεια; literally, "without passion") or peace of mind,[28] where peace of mind was understood in the ancient sense—being objective or having "clear judgment" and the maintenance of equanimity in the face of life's highs and lows.
, qual pelo es otra cosa que un manual por filosofÃa estoica para la buena vida. En él, Epicteto nos expone su ESTILO de ser feliz y cómo el mal qual acontece a los hombres no procede de los actos este eventos externos, sino en realidad do la manera en que estos hombres se enfrentan a ellos. Este nosso pensamiento es usandoún a todos los filósofos estoicos, por fonte utilizada lo que, realmente Epicteto pelo inventa nada nuevo.
Already know all of this? Do you want more advanced material? We recommend heading to our glossary of Stoicism terms and reading our post on the 28 books on Stoicism you need to read to advance your knowledge.
The way matter is organized to form an individual object; in Stoic physics, a physical ingredient (pneuma: air or breath), which informs the matter
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